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National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
The National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria ((アラビア語:التحالف الوطني لتحرير سورية)) was a coalition of Syrian opposition groups, supported by the Iraqi government.〔〔 The foundation of the National Alliance took place in Paris in March 1982.〔Ismael, Tareq Y., and Jacqueline S. Ismael. ''(The Communist Movement in Syria and Lebanon )''. Gainesville (): University Press of Florida, 1998. p. 197〕〔 The charter of the National Alliance was tramsitted by ''Voice of Arab Syria'' on March 22, 1982.〔''(Mideast File )'', Vol. 1, eds 3–4. Learned Information, 1982. p. 404〕 The National Alliance called for armed popular struggle in order to topple the al-Assad regime.〔Hopwood, Derek. ''(Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society )''. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988. p. 67〕
The coalition gathered Islamist and Arab nationalist factions,〔 consisting of the Syrian wing of the Baghdad-based Arab Socialist Baath Party, the Muslim Brotherhood of Adnan Saad al-Din, the Islamic Front of Sheikh Abdul Fatah Abu Ghuda, the Communist Party - Political Bureau of Riad al-Turk, the Arab Socialists of Akram al-Hawrani and the Socialist Union of Jassem Alwan and Mohammed al-Jarah, as well independent personalities.〔〔Lawson, Fred H. ''(Why Syria Goes to War: Thirty Years of Confrontation )''. Ithaca (): Cornell Univ. Press, 1996. p. 121〕
For the Iraqi government, the decision of the Syrian government to block Iraqi oil exports to the Mediterranean (in the context of Syria siding with Iran in the Iran–Iraq War) prompted it to support the launching of the National Alliance.〔Maʻoz, Moshe, and A. Yaniv. ''(Syria Under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks )''. London: Croom Helm in association with the Gustav Heinemann Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, University of Haifa, 1985. pp. 116-117〕 The coalition was also reportedly obtaining support from Jordan.〔Dekmejian, R. Hrair. ''(Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World )''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994. p. 116〕 For the Islamists, on the other hand, joining forces with secular groups had become a necessity after the defeat in Hama in the same year. The charter of the National Alliance had only one passage referring to the Islamic heritage of Syria.〔Khatib, Line. ''(Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba'thist Secularism )''. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon (): Routledge, 2011. p. 80〕 This pragmatism caused dissent both within the Muslim Brotherhood ranks (their military wing commander Adnan Uqla saw it as treason) as well as from Islamist forces abroad.〔〔〔Pipes, Daniel. ''(Greater Syria The History of an Ambition )''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 181〕 A group of ulema led by Thahir Khayr Allah broke away from the Muslim Brotherhood in protest against the National Alliance.〔Pierret, Thomas. ''(Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulema Under the Ba'th )''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 190〕
However, in spite of its political breadth, it was unable to mobilize any popular revolt against the incumbent regime in Damascus. Instead, the activities of the coalition were largely limited to defamation against the Damascus government. Pro-Iraqi Syrian Baathist leaders Shibli al-Aysami and Amin al-Hafiz, representing the National Alliance, gave press interviews in which they accused Hafez al-Assad of being responsible for the loss of the Golan Heights in 1967, the atrocities in Hama and for pursuing a moderate line towards Israel and the United States.〔Mekhon Shiloaḥ le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah, and Merkaz Dayan le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-Tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah (Universiṭat Tel-Aviv). ''(Middle East Contemporary Survey )''. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985. p. 648〕 Notably the foundation of the National Alliance came after the Hama revolt, by the time the possibility for mobilizing opposition activities inside Syria was too late.〔Kienle, Eberhard. ''(Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace )''. London: British Academic Press in association with the Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997. pp. 86-87〕 By the mid-1980s the platform was defunct.〔
==References==
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